The choice of 810 nm is also supported by photobiology: this wavelength aligns well with the absorption spectrum of cytochrome c oxidase (the mitochondrial “light receptor”) and has been widely used ...

Immune cells within the cerebrospinal fluid can offer a glimpse of the inflammatory conditions within the brain. According to a study published December 7 in Cell, those immune cells markedly change ...

‌Protein appears in nearly all body tissues, along with your enzymes, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Healthy CSF has a low amount of protein.‌ If you show symptoms of an infection or nervous ...

Hydrocephalus is an excess of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain’s ventricles. Surgery is the first-line and most effective treatment. The two primary surgeries are the Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) ...

A popular hypothesis for how the brain clears molecular waste, which may help explain why sleep feels refreshing, is a subject of debate. Encased in the skull, perched atop the spine, the brain has a ...

As missions aboard the International Space Station (ISS) have grown longer, astronauts have been repeatedly complaining of blurred vision and, fearing that this condition might not be reversible on ...