Evolution away from shell-shock The next wave of the study of trauma came when the Second World War saw another influx of soldiers dealing with similar symptoms. It was Abram Kardiner, a clinician ...

Most of the 9.7 million soldiers who perished in WWI were killed by the conflict's unprecedented firepower. Many survivors experienced acute trauma. Hulton Archive / Getty Images In September 1914, at ...

Shell shock is a term originally coined in 1915 by Charles Myers to describe soldiers who were involuntarily shivering, crying, fearful, and had constant intrusions of memory. It is not a term used in ...

Thus, although shell shock was to be the signature injury of the opening war of the modern age, and although its vexed diagnostic status has ramifications for casualties of Iraq and Afghanistan today, ...