Scapular kinematics and muscle activity are fundamental aspects of shoulder function and rehabilitation. The scapula serves not only as a base for multiple muscular attachments but also as a dynamic ...

The shoulder muscles are responsible for maintaining the widest range of motion of any joint in your body. This flexibility is also what makes the shoulder prone to instability and injury. Muscles, ...

Shoulder pain can significantly interfere with your exercise activities, but you can still safely perform an upper-body workout with a shoulder injury. The rotator cuff is a group of four muscles — ...

1 Department of Orthopedics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 2 Federal University of São Paulo School of Medicine 3 Federal University of São Paulo 4 Department of Physiology, ...

Adductor and abductor muscles have caused their fair share of muscle confusion for new fitness students. Many exercise movements, whether in a classroom, your own front room or out in the field, are ...